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      Como Monitorar seu Banco de Dados PostgreSQL Gerenciado Usando o Nagios Core no Ubuntu 18.04


      O autor escolheu o Free and Open Source Fund para receber uma doação como parte do programa Write for DOnations.

      Introdução

      O monitoramento do banco de dados é essencial para entender como o banco de dados se comporta ao longo do tempo. Ele pode ajudá-lo a descobrir problemas de utilização ocultos e gargalos que ocorrem no seu banco de dados. A implementação de sistemas de monitoramento de banco de dados pode rapidamente se tornar uma vantagem a longo prazo, o que influenciará positivamente seu processo de gerenciamento de infraestrutura. Você poderá reagir rapidamente às alterações de status do seu banco de dados e será notificado rapidamente quando os serviços monitorados retornarem ao funcionamento normal.

      O Nagios Core é um sistema de monitoramento popular que você pode usar para monitorar seu banco de dados gerenciado. Os benefícios de usar o Nagios para esta tarefa são sua versatilidade — é fácil de configurar e utiliza um grande repositório de plugins disponíveis, e o mais importante, alerta integrado.

      Neste tutorial, você configurará o monitoramento do banco de dados PostgreSQL no Nagios Core utilizando o plugin check_postgres e configurar alertas baseados no Slack. No final, você terá um sistema de monitoramento funcionando em seu banco de dados PostgreSQL gerenciado e será notificado imediatamente sobre alterações de status de várias funcionalidades.

      Pré-requisitos

      Passo 1 — Instalando check_postgres

      Nesta seção, você fará o download da versão mais recente do plug-in check_postgres no Github e disponibilizará para o Nagios Core. Você também instalará o cliente PostgreSQL (psql), para que check_postgres consiga se conectar ao seu banco de dados gerenciado.

      Comece instalando o cliente PostgreSQL, executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo apt install postgresql-client

      Em seguida, você baixará o check_postgres para o seu diretório home. Primeiro, navegue até ele:

      Vá para a página Github releases e copie o link da versão mais recente do plug-in. No momento da redação deste artigo, a versão mais recente do check_postgres era a 2.24.0; lembre-se de que isso será atualizado e, sempre que possível, a boa prática é usar a versão mais recente.

      Agora faça o download usando curl:

      • curl -LO https://github.com/bucardo/check_postgres/releases/download/2.24.0/check_postgres-2.24.0.tar.gz

      Extraia-o usando o seguinte comando:

      • tar xvf check_postgres-*.tar.gz

      Isso criará um diretório com o mesmo nome que o arquivo que você baixou. Essa pasta contém o executável check_postgres, que você precisará copiar para o diretório em que o Nagios armazena seus plugins (geralmente /usr/local/nagios/libexec/). Copie-o executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo cp check_postgres-*/check_postgres.pl /usr/local/nagios/libexec/

      Em seguida, você precisará atribuir ao usuário nagios a propriedade sobre ele, para que ele possa ser executado a partir do Nagios:

      • sudo chown nagios:nagios /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres.pl

      O check_postgres está agora disponível para o Nagios e pode ser usado a partir dele. No entanto, ele fornece muitos comandos relativos a diferentes aspectos do PostgreSQL e, para uma melhor manutenção do serviço, é melhor dividi-los para que possam ser chamados separadamente. Você conseguirá isso criando um link simbólico para cada comando check_postgres no diretório do plugin.

      Navegue para o diretório onde o Nagios armazena plugins executando o seguinte comando:

      • cd /usr/local/nagios/libexec

      Em seguida, crie os links simbólicos com:

      • sudo perl check_postgres.pl --symlinks

      A saída será semelhante a esta:

      Output

      Created "check_postgres_archive_ready" Created "check_postgres_autovac_freeze" Created "check_postgres_backends" Created "check_postgres_bloat" Created "check_postgres_checkpoint" Created "check_postgres_cluster_id" Created "check_postgres_commitratio" Created "check_postgres_connection" Created "check_postgres_custom_query" Created "check_postgres_database_size" Created "check_postgres_dbstats" Created "check_postgres_disabled_triggers" Created "check_postgres_disk_space" Created "check_postgres_fsm_pages" Created "check_postgres_fsm_relations" Created "check_postgres_hitratio" Created "check_postgres_hot_standby_delay" Created "check_postgres_index_size" Created "check_postgres_indexes_size" Created "check_postgres_last_analyze" Created "check_postgres_last_autoanalyze" Created "check_postgres_last_autovacuum" Created "check_postgres_last_vacuum" Created "check_postgres_listener" Created "check_postgres_locks" Created "check_postgres_logfile" Created "check_postgres_new_version_bc" Created "check_postgres_new_version_box" Created "check_postgres_new_version_cp" Created "check_postgres_new_version_pg" Created "check_postgres_new_version_tnm" Created "check_postgres_pgagent_jobs" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_cl_active" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_cl_waiting" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_maxwait" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_active" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_idle" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_login" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_tested" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_used" Created "check_postgres_pgbouncer_backends" Created "check_postgres_pgbouncer_checksum" Created "check_postgres_prepared_txns" Created "check_postgres_query_runtime" Created "check_postgres_query_time" Created "check_postgres_relation_size" Created "check_postgres_replicate_row" Created "check_postgres_replication_slots" Created "check_postgres_same_schema" Created "check_postgres_sequence" Created "check_postgres_settings_checksum" Created "check_postgres_slony_status" Created "check_postgres_table_size" Created "check_postgres_timesync" Created "check_postgres_total_relation_size" Created "check_postgres_txn_idle" Created "check_postgres_txn_time" Created "check_postgres_txn_wraparound" Created "check_postgres_version" Created "check_postgres_wal_files"

      O Perl listou todas as funções para as quais criou um link simbólico. Agora elas podem ser executadas na linha de comando, como de costume.

      Você baixou e instalou o plug-in check_postgres. Você também criou links simbólicos para todos os comandos do plug-in, para que possam ser usados individualmente no Nagios. No próximo passo, você criará um arquivo de serviço de conexão, que o check_postgres utilizará para se conectar ao seu banco de dados gerenciado.

      Passo 2 — Configurando Seu Banco de Dados

      Nesta seção, você criará um arquivo de serviço de conexão do PostgreSQL contendo as informações de conexão do seu banco de dados. A seguir, você testará os dados de conexão invocando o check_postgres nele.

      O arquivo do serviço de conexão é, por convenção, chamado pg_service.conf e deve estar localizado em /etc/postgresql-common/. Crie este arquivo usando seu editor de textos favorito (por exemplo, o nano):

      • sudo nano /etc/postgresql-common/pg_service.conf

      Adicione as seguintes linhas, substituindo os espaços reservados destacados pelos valores reais mostrados no Painel de Controle do Banco de Dados gerenciado na seção Connection Details:

      /etc/postgresql-common/pg_service.conf

      [managed-db]
      host=host
      port=porta
      user=nome_de_usuário
      password=senha
      dbname=defaultdb
      sslmode=require
      

      O arquivo do serviço de conexão pode abrigar vários grupos de informações de conexão com o banco de dados. O início de um grupo é sinalizado colocando seu nome entre colchetes. Depois disso vem os parâmetros de conexão (host, port, user, password e assim por diante), separados por novas linhas, que devem receber um valor.

      Salve e feche o arquivo quando terminar.

      Agora você testará a validade da configuração conectando-se ao banco de dados via check_postgres executando o seguinte comando:

      • ./check_postgres.pl --dbservice=managed-db --action=connection

      Aqui, você diz ao check_postgres qual grupo de informações de conexão com o banco de dados usar com o parâmetro --dbservice, e também especifica que ele deve apenas tentar se conectar a ele especificando connection como a ação.

      Sua saída será semelhante a esta:

      Output

      POSTGRES_CONNECTION OK: service=managed-db version 11.4 | time=0.10s

      Isto significa que o check_postgres conseguiu conectar-se ao banco de dados, de acordo com os parâmetros do pg_service.conf. Se você receber um erro, verifique novamente o que você acabou de inserir nesse arquivo de configuração.

      Você criou e preencheu um arquivo de serviço de conexão do PostgreSQL, que funciona como uma string de conexão. Você também testou os dados de conexão executando check_postgres e observando a saída. Na próxima etapa, você configurará o Nagios para monitorar várias partes do seu banco de dados.

      Passo 3 — Criando Serviços de Monitoramento no Nagios

      Agora você configurará o Nagios para monitorar várias métricas do seu banco de dados, definindo um host e vários serviços, que chamarão o plug-in check_postgres e seus links simbólicos.

      O Nagios armazena seus arquivos de configuração personalizados em /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects. Os novos arquivos adicionados lá devem ser ativados manualmente no arquivo de configuração central do Nagios, localizado em /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg. Agora você deverá definir comandos, um host e vários serviços, que serão usados para monitorar seu banco de dados gerenciado no Nagios.

      Primeiro, crie uma pasta dentro de /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects para armazenar sua configuração relacionada ao PostgreSQL executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo mkdir /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql

      Você armazenará os comandos do Nagios para check_nagios em um arquivo chamado commands.cfg. Crie-o para edição:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/commands.cfg

      Adicione as seguintes linhas:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/commands.cfg

      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_connection
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_connection --dbservice=$ARG1$
      }
      
      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_database_size
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_database_size --dbservice=$ARG1$ --critical='$ARG2$'
      }
      
      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_locks
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_locks --dbservice=$ARG1$
      }
      
      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_backends
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_backends --dbservice=$ARG1$
      }
      

      Salve e feche o arquivo.

      Neste arquivo, você define quatro comandos do Nagios que chamam partes diferentes do plugin check_postgres (checando a conectividade, obtendo o número de locks e conexões e o tamanho de todo o banco de dados). Todos eles aceitam um argumento que é passado para o parâmetro --dbservice e especificam a qual dos bancos de dados definidos em pg_service.conf se conectar.

      O comando check_postgres_database_size aceita um segundo argumento que é passado para o parâmetro --critical, que especifica o ponto em que o armazenamento do banco de dados está ficando cheio. Os valores aceitos incluem 1 KB para um kilobyte, 1 MB para um megabyte e assim por diante, até exabytes (EB). Um número sem uma unidade de capacidade é tratado como sendo expresso em bytes.

      Agora que os comandos necessários estão definidos, você definirá o host (essencialmente o banco de dados) e seus serviços de monitoramento em um arquivo chamado services.cfg. Crie-o usando seu editor favorito:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/services.cfg

      Inclua as seguintes linhas, substituindo db_max_storage_size por um valor referente ao armazenamento disponível do seu banco de dados. É recomendável configurá-lo para 90% do tamanho de armazenamento que você alocou para ele:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/services.cfg

      define host {
            use                    linux-server
            host_name              postgres
            check_command          check_postgres_connection!managed-db
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Connection
            check_command          check_postgres_connection!managed-db
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Database Size
            check_command          check_postgres_database_size!managed-db!db_max_storage_size
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Locks
            check_command          check_postgres_locks!managed-db
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Backends
            check_command          check_postgres_backends!managed-db
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      

      Você primeiro define um host, para que o Nagios saiba a que entidade os serviços se relacionam. Em seguida, você cria quatro serviços, que chamam os comandos que você acabou de definir. Cada um deles passa managed-db como argumento, detalhando que o managed-db que você definiu no Passo 2 deve ser monitorado.

      Em relação às opções de notificação, cada serviço especifica que as notificações devem ser enviadas quando o estado do serviço se tornar WARNING,UNKNOWN, CRITICAL,OK (quando se recuperar de uma parada), quando o serviço iniciar oscilando, ou quando a parada programada iniciar ou terminar. Sem atribuir explicitamente um valor a essa opção, nenhuma notificação seria enviada (para os contatos disponíveis), exceto se acionada manualmente.

      Salve e feche o arquivo.

      Em seguida, você precisará dizer explicitamente ao Nagios para ler os arquivos de configuração deste novo diretório, editando o arquivo de configuração geral do Nagios. Abra-o para edição executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      Encontre esta linha destacada no arquivo:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      ...
      # directive as shown below:
      
      cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/servers
      #cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/printers
      ...
      

      Acima dela, adicione a seguinte linha destacada:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      ...
      cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql
      cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/servers
      ...
      

      Salve e feche o arquivo. Esta linha diz ao Nagios para carregar todos os arquivos de configuração a partir do diretório /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql, onde seus arquivos de configuração estão localizados.

      Antes de reiniciar o Nagios, verifique a validade da configuração executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      O final da saída será semelhante a este:

      Output

      Total Warnings: 0 Total Errors: 0 Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check

      Isso significa que o Nagios não encontrou erros na configuração. Se ele lhe mostrar um erro, você também verá uma dica sobre o que deu errado, para poder corrigir o erro mais facilmente.

      Para fazer com que o Nagios recarregue sua configuração, reinicie seu serviço executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo systemctl restart nagios

      Agora você pode navegar até o Nagios no seu navegador. Depois de carregado, clique na opção Services no menu à esquerda. Você verá o host do postgres e uma lista de serviços, junto com seus status atuais:

      PostgreSQL Monitoring Services - Pending

      Em breve, todos eles ficarão verdes e mostrarão o status OK. Você verá a saída do comando na coluna Status Information. Você pode clicar no nome do serviço e ver informações detalhadas sobre seu status e disponibilidade.

      Você adicionou comandos check_postgres, um host e vários serviços à sua instalação do Nagios para monitorar seu banco de dados. Você também verificou que os serviços estão funcionando corretamente, examinando-os por meio da interface web do Nagios. Na próxima etapa, você configurará os alertas baseados no Slack.

      Passo 4 — Configurando Alertas para o Slack

      Nesta seção, você configurará o Nagios para alertá-lo sobre eventos via Slack, publicando-os nos canais desejados em seu workspace.

      Antes de começar, efetue login no workspace desejado no Slack e crie dois canais nos quais você deseja receber mensagens de status do Nagios: um para host e outro para notificações de serviço. Se desejar, você pode criar apenas um canal em que receberá os dois tipos de alertas.

      Em seguida, vá para o app Nagios no Diretório de apps do Slack e click em Add Configuration. Você verá uma página para adicionar a Integração Nagios.

      Slack - Add Nagios Integration

      Click em Add Nagios Integration. Quando a página carregar, role para baixo e tome nota do token, porque você precisará dele mais adiante.

      Slack - Integration Token

      Agora você instalará e configurará o plugin Slack (escrito em Perl) para o Nagios no seu servidor. Primeiro, instale os pré-requisitos necessários do Perl executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo apt install libwww-perl libcrypt-ssleay-perl -y

      Em seguida, faça o download do plug-in para o diretório de plugins do Nagios:

      • sudo curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tinyspeck/services-examples/master/nagios.pl -o slack.pl

      Torne-o executável executando o seguinte comando:

      Agora, você precisará editá-lo para conectar-se ao seu workspace usando o token que você obteve do Slack. Abra-o para edição:

      Localize as seguintes linhas no arquivo:

      /usr/local/nagios/libexec/slack.pl

      ...
      my $opt_domain = "foo.slack.com"; # Your team's domain
      my $opt_token = "your_token"; # The token from your Nagios services page
      ...
      

      Substitua foo.slack.com pelo domínio do seu workspace e your_token pelo seu token de integração do app Nagios, salve e feche o arquivo. O script agora poderá enviar solicitações apropriadas ao Slack, que você testará executando o seguinte comando:

      • ./slack.pl -field slack_channel=#nome_do_seu_canal -field HOSTALIAS="Test Host" -field HOSTSTATE="UP" -field HOSTOUTPUT="Host is UP" -field NOTIFICATIONTYPE="RECOVERY"

      Substitua nome_do_seu_canal pelo nome do canal em que você deseja receber alertas de status. O script exibirá informações sobre a solicitação HTTP feita ao Slack e, se tudo for executado corretamente, a última linha da saída será ok. Se você receber um erro, verifique novamente se o canal do Slack especificado existe no workspace.

      Agora você pode ir para o workspace do Slack e selecionar o canal que você especificou. Você verá uma mensagem de teste vinda do Nagios.

      Slack - Nagios Test Message

      Isso confirma que você configurou corretamente o script para o Slack. Agora você passará a configurar o Nagios para alertá-lo via Slack usando este script.

      Você precisará criar um contato para o Slack e dois comandos que enviarão mensagens para ele. Você armazenará essa configuração em um arquivo chamado slack.cfg, na mesma pasta que os arquivos de configuração anteriores. Crie-o para edição executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/slack.cfg

      Adicione as seguintes linhas:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/slack.cfg

      define contact {
            contact_name                             slack
            alias                                    Slack
            service_notification_period              24x7
            host_notification_period                 24x7
            service_notification_options             w,u,c,f,s,r
            host_notification_options                d,u,r,f,s
            service_notification_commands            notify-service-by-slack
            host_notification_commands               notify-host-by-slack
      }
      
      define command {
            command_name     notify-service-by-slack
            command_line     /usr/local/nagios/libexec/slack.pl -field slack_channel=#service_alerts_channel
      }
      
      define command {
            command_name     notify-host-by-slack
            command_line     /usr/local/nagios/libexec/slack.pl -field slack_channel=#host_alerts_channel
      }
      

      Aqui você define um contato chamado slack, declara que ele pode ser contatado a qualquer momento e especifica quais comandos usar para notificar eventos relacionados ao serviço e ao host. Esses dois comandos são definidos depois e chamam o script que você acabou de configurar. Você precisará substituir service_alerts_channel e host_alerts_channel pelos nomes dos canais em que deseja receber mensagens de serviço e host, respectivamente. Se preferir, você pode usar os mesmos nomes de canais.

      De maneira semelhante à criação do serviço no último passo, é crucial definir as opções de notificação de serviço e host no contato, pois ele determina que tipo de alerta o contato receberá. A omissão dessas opções resultaria no envio de notificações somente quando acionadas manualmente a partir da interface web.

      Quando você terminar de editar, salve e feche o arquivo.

      Para habilitar o alerta através do contato slack que você acabou de definir, você precisará adicioná-lo ao grupo de contatos admin, definido no arquivo de configuração contacts.cfg, localizado em /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/. Abra-o para edição executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      Localize o bloco de configuração parecido com este:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      define contactgroup {
      
          contactgroup_name       admins
          alias                   Nagios Administrators
          members                 nagiosadmin
      }
      

      Adicione slack à lista de membros, assim:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      define contactgroup {
      
          contactgroup_name       admins
          alias                   Nagios Administrators
          members                 nagiosadmin,slack
      }
      

      Salve e feche o arquivo.

      Por padrão, ao executar scripts, o Nagios não disponibiliza informações de host e serviço por meio de variáveis de ambiente, que é o que o script Slack requer para enviar mensagens significativas. Para remediar isso, você precisará definir a configuração enable_environment_macros em nagios.cfg como 1. Abra-o para edição executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      Encontre a linha semelhante a essa:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      enable_environment_macros=0
      

      Altere o valor para 1, assim:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      enable_environment_macros=1
      

      Salve e feche o arquivo.

      Teste a validade da configuração do Nagios executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      O final da saída será semelhante a:

      Output

      Total Warnings: 0 Total Errors: 0 Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check

      Prossiga e reinicie o Nagios executando o seguinte comando:

      • sudo systemctl restart nagios

      Para testar a integração do Slack, você vai enviar uma notificação personalizada pela interface web. Recarregue a página de status Services do Nagios no seu navegador. Clique no serviço PostgreSQL Backends e clique em Send custom service notification à direita quando a página carregar.

      Nagios - Custom Service Notification

      Digite um comentário de sua escolha e clique em Commit e, em seguida, clique em Done. Você receberá imediatamente uma nova mensagem no Slack.

      Slack - Status Alert From Nagios

      Agora você integrou o Slack ao Nagios, para receber mensagens sobre eventos críticos e alterações de status imediatamente. Você também testou a integração acionando manualmente um evento no Nagios.

      Conclusão

      Agora você tem o Nagios Core configurado para monitorar seu banco de dados PostgreSQL gerenciado e relatar quaisquer mudanças de status e eventos para o Slack, para estar sempre de olho no que está acontecendo com seu banco de dados. Isso permitirá que você reaja rapidamente em caso de emergência, porque você receberá o feed de status em tempo real.

      Se você quiser saber mais sobre os recursos do check_postgres, consulte a documentação, onde você encontrará muito mais comandos que você pode eventualmente usar.

      Para obter mais informações sobre o que você pode fazer com seu banco de dados PostgreSQL gerenciado, visite a doumentação de produto.



      Source link

      How To Monitor Your Managed PostgreSQL Database Using Nagios Core on Ubuntu 18.04


      The author selected the Free and Open Source Fund to receive a donation as part of the Write for DOnations program.

      Introduction

      Database monitoring is key to understanding how a database performs over time. It can help you uncover hidden usage problems and bottlenecks happening in your database. Implementing database monitoring systems can quickly turn out to be a long-term advantage, which will positively influence your infrastructure management process. You’ll be able to swiftly react to status changes of your database and will quickly be notified when monitored services return to normal functioning.

      Nagios Core is a popular monitoring system that you can use to monitor your managed database. The benefits of using Nagios for this task are its versatility—it’s easy to configure and use—a large repository of available plugins, and most importantly, integrated alerting.

      In this tutorial, you will set up PostgreSQL database monitoring in Nagios Core using the check_postgres Nagios plugin and set up Slack-based alerting. In the end, you’ll have a monitoring system in place for your managed PostgreSQL database, and will be notified of status changes of various functionality immediately.

      Prerequisites

      • An Ubuntu 18.04 server with root privileges, and a secondary, non-root account. You can set this up by following this initial server setup guide. For this tutorial the non-root user is sammy.

      • Nagios Core installed on your server. To achieve this, complete the first five steps of the How To Install Nagios 4 and Monitor Your Servers on Ubuntu 18.04 tutorial.

      • A DigitalOcean account and a PostgreSQL managed database provisioned from DigitalOcean with connection information available. Make sure that your server’s IP address is on the whitelist. To learn more about DigitalOcean Managed Databases, visit the product docs.

      • A Slack account with full access, added to a workspace where you’ll want to receive status updates.

      Step 1 — Installing check_postgres

      In this section, you’ll download the latest version of the check_postgres plugin from Github and make it available to Nagios Core. You’ll also install the PostgreSQL client (psql), so that check_postgres will be able to connect to your managed database.

      Start off by installing the PostgreSQL client by running the following command:

      • sudo apt install postgresql-client

      Next, you’ll download check_postgres to your home directory. First, navigate to it:

      Head over to the Github releases page and copy the link of the latest version of the plugin. At the time of writing, the latest version of check_postgres was 2.24.0; keep in mind that this will update, and where possible it's best practice to use the latest version.

      Now download it using curl:

      • curl -LO https://github.com/bucardo/check_postgres/releases/download/2.24.0/check_postgres-2.24.0.tar.gz

      Extract it using the following command:

      • tar xvf check_postgres-*.tar.gz

      This will create a directory with the same name as the file you have downloaded. That folder contains the check_postgres executable, which you'll need to copy to the directory where Nagios stores its plugins (usually /usr/local/nagios/libexec/). Copy it by running the following command:

      • sudo cp check_postgres-*/check_postgres.pl /usr/local/nagios/libexec/

      Next, you'll need to give the nagios user ownership of it, so that it can be run from Nagios:

      • sudo chown nagios:nagios /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres.pl

      check_postgres is now available to Nagios and can be used from it. However, it provides a lot of commands pertaining to different aspects of PostgreSQL, and for better service maintainability, it's better to break them up so that they can be called separately. You'll achieve this by creating a symlink to every check_postgres command in the plugin directory.

      Navigate to the directory where Nagios stores plugins by running the following command:

      • cd /usr/local/nagios/libexec

      Then, create the symlinks with:

      • sudo perl check_postgres.pl --symlinks

      The output will look like this:

      Output

      Created "check_postgres_archive_ready" Created "check_postgres_autovac_freeze" Created "check_postgres_backends" Created "check_postgres_bloat" Created "check_postgres_checkpoint" Created "check_postgres_cluster_id" Created "check_postgres_commitratio" Created "check_postgres_connection" Created "check_postgres_custom_query" Created "check_postgres_database_size" Created "check_postgres_dbstats" Created "check_postgres_disabled_triggers" Created "check_postgres_disk_space" Created "check_postgres_fsm_pages" Created "check_postgres_fsm_relations" Created "check_postgres_hitratio" Created "check_postgres_hot_standby_delay" Created "check_postgres_index_size" Created "check_postgres_indexes_size" Created "check_postgres_last_analyze" Created "check_postgres_last_autoanalyze" Created "check_postgres_last_autovacuum" Created "check_postgres_last_vacuum" Created "check_postgres_listener" Created "check_postgres_locks" Created "check_postgres_logfile" Created "check_postgres_new_version_bc" Created "check_postgres_new_version_box" Created "check_postgres_new_version_cp" Created "check_postgres_new_version_pg" Created "check_postgres_new_version_tnm" Created "check_postgres_pgagent_jobs" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_cl_active" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_cl_waiting" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_maxwait" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_active" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_idle" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_login" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_tested" Created "check_postgres_pgb_pool_sv_used" Created "check_postgres_pgbouncer_backends" Created "check_postgres_pgbouncer_checksum" Created "check_postgres_prepared_txns" Created "check_postgres_query_runtime" Created "check_postgres_query_time" Created "check_postgres_relation_size" Created "check_postgres_replicate_row" Created "check_postgres_replication_slots" Created "check_postgres_same_schema" Created "check_postgres_sequence" Created "check_postgres_settings_checksum" Created "check_postgres_slony_status" Created "check_postgres_table_size" Created "check_postgres_timesync" Created "check_postgres_total_relation_size" Created "check_postgres_txn_idle" Created "check_postgres_txn_time" Created "check_postgres_txn_wraparound" Created "check_postgres_version" Created "check_postgres_wal_files"

      Perl listed all the functions it created a symlink for. These can now be executed from the command line as usual.

      You've downloaded and installed the check_postgres plugin. You have also created symlinks to all the commands of the plugin, so that they can be used individually from Nagios. In the next step, you'll create a connection service file, which check_postgres will use to connect to your managed database.

      Step 2 — Configuring Your Database

      In this section, you will create a PostgreSQL connection service file containing the connection information of your database. Then, you will test the connection data by invoking check_postgres on it.

      The connection service file is by convention called pg_service.conf, and must be located under /etc/postgresql-common/. Create it for editing with your favorite editor (for example, nano):

      • sudo nano /etc/postgresql-common/pg_service.conf

      Add the following lines, replacing the highlighted placeholders with the actual values shown in your Managed Database Control Panel under the section Connection Details:

      /etc/postgresql-common/pg_service.conf

      [managed-db]
      host=host
      port=port
      user=username
      password=password
      dbname=defaultdb
      sslmode=require
      

      The connection service file can house multiple database connection info groups. The beginning of a group is signaled by putting its name in square brackets. After that comes the connection parameters (host, port, user, password, and so on), separated by new lines, which must be given a value.

      Save and close the file when you are finished.

      You'll now test the validity of the configuration by connecting to the database via check_postgres by running the following command:

      • ./check_postgres.pl --dbservice=managed-db --action=connection

      Here, you tell check_postgres which database connection info group to use with the parameter --dbservice, and also specify that it should only try to connect to it by specifying connection as the action.

      Your output will look similar to this:

      Output

      POSTGRES_CONNECTION OK: service=managed-db version 11.4 | time=0.10s

      This means that check_postgres succeeded in connecting to the database, according to the parameters from pg_service.conf. If you get an error, double check what you have just entered in that config file.

      You've created and filled out a PostgreSQL connection service file, which works as a connection string. You have also tested the connection data by running check_postgres on it and observing the output. In the next step, you will configure Nagios to monitor various parts of your database.

      Step 3 — Creating Monitoring Services in Nagios

      Now you will configure Nagios to watch over various metrics of your database by defining a host and multiple services, which will call the check_postgres plugin and its symlinks.

      Nagios stores your custom configuration files under /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects. New files you add there must be manually enabled in the central Nagios config file, located at /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg. You'll now define commands, a host, and multiple services, which you'll use to monitor your managed database in Nagios.

      First, create a folder under /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects to store your PostgreSQL related configuration by running the following command:

      • sudo mkdir /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql

      You'll store Nagios commands for check_nagios in a file named commands.cfg. Create it for editing:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/commands.cfg

      Add the following lines:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/commands.cfg

      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_connection
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_connection --dbservice=$ARG1$
      }
      
      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_database_size
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_database_size --dbservice=$ARG1$ --critical='$ARG2$'
      }
      
      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_locks
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_locks --dbservice=$ARG1$
      }
      
      define command {
          command_name           check_postgres_backends
          command_line           /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_postgres_backends --dbservice=$ARG1$
      }
      

      Save and close the file.

      In this file, you define four Nagios commands that call different parts of the check_postgres plugin (checking connectivity, getting the number of locks and connections, and the size of the whole database). They all accept an argument that is passed to the --dbservice parameter, and specify which of the databases defined in pg_service.conf to connect to.

      The check_postgres_database_size command accepts a second argument that gets passed to the --critical parameter, which specifies the point at which the database storage is becoming full. Accepted values include 1 KB for a kilobyte, 1 MB for a megabyte, and so on, up to exabytes (EB). A number without a capacity unit is treated as being expressed in bytes.

      Now that the necessary commands are defined, you'll define the host (essentially, the database) and its monitoring services in a file named services.cfg. Create it using your favorite editor:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/services.cfg

      Add the following lines, replacing db_max_storage_size with a value pertaining to the available storage of your database. It is recommended to set it to 90 percent of the storage size you have allocated to it:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/services.cfg

      define host {
            use                    linux-server
            host_name              postgres
            check_command          check_postgres_connection!managed-db
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Connection
            check_command          check_postgres_connection!managed-db
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Database Size
            check_command          check_postgres_database_size!managed-db!db_max_storage_size
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Locks
            check_command          check_postgres_locks!managed-db
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      
      define service {
            use                    generic-service
            host_name              postgres
            service_description    PostgreSQL Backends
            check_command          check_postgres_backends!managed-db
            notification_options   w,u,c,r,f,s
      }
      

      You first define a host, so that Nagios will know what entity the services relate to. Then, you create four services, which call the commands you just defined. Each one passes managed-db as the argument, detailing that the managed-db you defined in Step 2 should be monitored.

      Regarding notification options, each service specifies that notifications should be sent out when the service state becomes WARNING, UNKNOWN, CRITICAL, OK (when it recovers from downtime), when the service starts flapping, or when scheduled downtime starts or ends. Without explicitly giving this option a value, no notifications would be sent out (to available contacts) at all, except if triggered manually.

      Save and close the file.

      Next, you'll need to explicitly tell Nagios to read config files from this new directory, by editing the general Nagios config file. Open it for editing by running the following command:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      Find this highlighted line in the file:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      ...
      # directive as shown below:
      
      cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/servers
      #cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/printers
      ...
      

      Above it, add the following highlighted line:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      ...
      cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql
      cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/servers
      ...
      

      Save and close the file. This line tells Nagios to load all config files from the /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql directory, where your configuration files are located.

      Before restarting Nagios, check the validity of the configuration by running the following command:

      • sudo /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      The end of the output will look similar to this:

      Output

      Total Warnings: 0 Total Errors: 0 Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check

      This means that Nagios found no errors in the configuration. If it shows you an error, you'll also see a hint as to what went wrong, so you'll be able to fix the error more easily.

      To make Nagios reload its configuration, restart its service by running the following command:

      • sudo systemctl restart nagios

      You can now navigate to Nagios in your browser. Once it loads, press on the Services option from the left-hand menu. You'll see the postgres host and a list of services, along with their current statuses:

      PostgreSQL Monitoring Services - Pending

      They will all soon turn to green and show an OK status. You'll see the command output under the Status Information column. You can click on the service name and see detailed information about its status and availability.

      You've added check_postgres commands, a host, and multiple services to your Nagios installation to monitor your database. You've also checked that the services are working properly by examining them via the Nagios web interface. In the next step, you will configure Slack-based alerting.

      Step 4 — Configuring Slack Alerting

      In this section, you will configure Nagios to alert you about events via Slack, by posting them into desired channels in your workspace.

      Before you start, log in to your desired workspace on Slack and create two channels where you'll want to receive status messages from Nagios: one for host, and the other one for service notifications. If you wish, you can create only one channel where you'll receive both kinds of alerts.

      Then, head over to the Nagios app in the Slack App Directory and press on Add Configuration. You'll see a page for adding the Nagios Integration.

      Slack - Add Nagios Integration

      Press on Add Nagios Integration. When the page loads, scroll down and take note of the token, because you'll need it further on.

      Slack - Integration Token

      You'll now install and configure the Slack plugin (written in Perl) for Nagios on your server. First, install the required Perl prerequisites by running the following command:

      • sudo apt install libwww-perl libcrypt-ssleay-perl -y

      Then, download the plugin to your Nagios plugin directory:

      • sudo curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tinyspeck/services-examples/master/nagios.pl -o slack.pl

      Make it executable by running the following command:

      Now, you'll need to edit it to connect to your workspace using the token you got from Slack. Open it for editing:

      Find the following lines in the file:

      /usr/local/nagios/libexec/slack.pl

      ...
      my $opt_domain = "foo.slack.com"; # Your team's domain
      my $opt_token = "your_token"; # The token from your Nagios services page
      ...
      

      Replace foo.slack.com with your workspace domain and your_token with your Nagios app integration token, then save and close the file. The script will now be able to send proper requests to Slack, which you'll now test by running the following command:

      • ./slack.pl -field slack_channel=#your_channel_name -field HOSTALIAS="Test Host" -field HOSTSTATE="UP" -field HOSTOUTPUT="Host is UP" -field NOTIFICATIONTYPE="RECOVERY"

      Replace your_channel_name with the name of the channel where you'll want to receive status alerts. The script will output information about the HTTP request it made to Slack, and if everything went through correctly, the last line of the output will be ok. If you get an error, double check if the Slack channel you specified exists in the workspace.

      You can now head over to your Slack workspace and select the channel you specified. You'll see a test message coming from Nagios.

      Slack - Nagios Test Message

      This confirms that you have properly configured the Slack script. You'll now move on to configuring Nagios to alert you via Slack using this script.

      You'll need to create a contact for Slack and two commands that will send messages to it. You'll store this config in a file named slack.cfg, in the same folder as the previous config files. Create it for editing by running the following command:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/slack.cfg

      Add the following lines:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/postgresql/slack.cfg

      define contact {
            contact_name                             slack
            alias                                    Slack
            service_notification_period              24x7
            host_notification_period                 24x7
            service_notification_options             w,u,c,f,s,r
            host_notification_options                d,u,r,f,s
            service_notification_commands            notify-service-by-slack
            host_notification_commands               notify-host-by-slack
      }
      
      define command {
            command_name     notify-service-by-slack
            command_line     /usr/local/nagios/libexec/slack.pl -field slack_channel=#service_alerts_channel
      }
      
      define command {
            command_name     notify-host-by-slack
            command_line     /usr/local/nagios/libexec/slack.pl -field slack_channel=#host_alerts_channel
      }
      

      Here you define a contact named slack, state that it can be contacted anytime and specify which commands to use for notifying service and host related events. Those two commands are defined after it and call the script you have just configured. You'll need to replace service_alerts_channel and host_alerts_channel with the names of the channels where you want to receive service and host messages, respectively. If preferred, you can use the same channel names.

      Similarly to the service creation in the last step, setting service and host notification options on the contact is crucial, because it governs what kind of alerts the contact will receive. Omitting those options would result in sending out notifications only when manually triggered from the web interface.

      When you are done with editing, save and close the file.

      To enable alerting via the slack contact you just defined, you'll need to add it to the admin contact group, defined in the contacts.cfg config file, located under /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/. Open it for editing by running the following command:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      Find the config block that looks like this:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      define contactgroup {
      
          contactgroup_name       admins
          alias                   Nagios Administrators
          members                 nagiosadmin
      }
      

      Add slack to the list of members, like so:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      define contactgroup {
      
          contactgroup_name       admins
          alias                   Nagios Administrators
          members                 nagiosadmin,slack
      }
      

      Save and close the file.

      By default when running scripts, Nagios does not make host and service information available via environment variables, which is what the Slack script requires in order to send meaningful messages. To remedy this, you'll need to set the enable_environment_macros setting in nagios.cfg to 1. Open it for editing by running the following command:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      Find the line that looks like this:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      enable_environment_macros=0
      

      Change the value to 1, like so:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      enable_environment_macros=1
      

      Save and close the file.

      Test the validity of the Nagios configuration by running the following command:

      • sudo /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      The end of the output will look like:

      Output

      Total Warnings: 0 Total Errors: 0 Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check

      Proceed to restart Nagios by running the following command:

      • sudo systemctl restart nagios

      To test the Slack integration, you'll send out a custom notification via the web interface. Reload the Nagios Services status page in your browser. Press on the PostgreSQL Backends service and press on Send custom service notification on the right when the page loads.

      Nagios - Custom Service Notification

      Type in a comment of your choice and press on Commit, and then press on Done. You'll immediately receive a new message in Slack.

      Slack - Status Alert From Nagios

      You have now integrated Slack with Nagios, so you'll receive messages about critical events and status changes immediately. You've also tested the integration by manually triggering an event from within Nagios.

      Conclusion

      You now have Nagios Core configured to watch over your managed PostgreSQL database and report any status changes and events to Slack, so you'll always be in the loop of what is happening to your database. This will allow you to swiftly react in case of an emergency, because you'll be getting the status feed in real time.

      If you'd like to learn more about the features of check_postgres, check out its docs, where you'll find a lot more commands that you can possibly use.

      For more information about what you can do with your PostgreSQL Managed Database, visit the product docs.



      Source link

      How To Install Nagios 4 and Monitor Your Servers on Ubuntu 18.04


      The author selected the Open Source Initiative to receive a donation as part of the Write for DOnations program.

      Introduction

      Nagios is a popular open-source monitoring system. It keeps an inventory of your servers and monitors them so you know your critical services are up and running. Using a monitoring system like Nagios is an essential tool for any production environment, because by monitoring uptime, CPU usage, or disk space, you can head off problems before they occur, or before your users call you.

      In this tutorial, you’ll install Nagios 4 and configure it so you can monitor host resources via Nagios’ web interface. You’ll also set up the Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE), which runs as an agent on remote hosts so you can monitor their resources.

      Prerequisites

      To follow this tutorial, you will need:

      • Two Ubuntu 18.04 servers set up by following our Initial Server Setup Guide for Ubuntu 18.04, including a non-root user with sudo privileges and a firewall configured with ufw. On one server, you will install Nagios; this tutorial will refer to this as the Nagios server. It will monitor your second server; this second server will be referred to as the second Ubuntu server.
      • The server that will run the Nagios server needs Apache and PHP installed. Follow this guide to configure those on one of your servers. You can skip the MySQL steps in that tutorial.

      Typically, Nagios runs behind a hardware firewall or VPN. If your Nagios server is exposed to the public internet, you should secure the Nagios web interface by installing a TLS/SSL certificate. This is optional but strongly encouraged. You can follow the Let’s Encrypt on Ubuntu 18.04 guide to obtain the free TLS/SSL certificate.

      This tutorial assumes that your servers have private networking enabled so that monitoring happens on the private network rather than the public network. If you don’t have private networking enabled, you can still follow this tutorial by replacing all the references to private IP addresses with public IP addresses.

      Step 1 — Installing Nagios 4

      There are multiple ways to install Nagios, but you’ll install Nagios and its components from source to ensure you get the latest features, security updates, and bug fixes.

      Log in to your server that runs Apache. In this tutorial, we’ll call this the Nagios server:

      • ssh sammy@your_nagios_server_ip

      Because you’re building Nagios and its components from source, you must install a few development libraries to complete the build, including compilers, development headers, and OpenSSL.

      Update your package lists to ensure you can download the latest versions of the prerequisites:

      Then install the required packages:

      • sudo apt install autoconf gcc make unzip libgd-dev libmcrypt-dev libssl-dev dc snmp libnet-snmp-perl gettext

      With the prerequisites installed, you can install Nagios itself. Download the source code for the latest stable release of Nagios Core. Go to the Nagios downloads page, and click the Skip to download link below the form. Copy the link address for the latest stable release so you can download it to your Nagios server.

      Download the release to your home directory with the curl command:

      • cd ~
      • curl -L -O https://github.com/NagiosEnterprises/nagioscore/archive/nagios-4.4.4.tar.gz

      Extract the Nagios archive:

      • tar zxf nagios-4.4.4.tar.gz

      Then change to the extracted directory:

      • cd nagioscore-nagios-4.4.4

      Before building Nagios, run the configure script and specify the Apache configs directory:

      • ./configure --with-httpd-conf=/etc/apache2/sites-enabled

      Note: If you want Nagios to send emails using Postfix, you must install Postfix and configure Nagios to use it by adding --with-mail=/usr/sbin/sendmail to the configure command. We won't cover Postfix in this tutorial, but if you choose to use Postfix and Nagios later, you'll need to reconfigure and reinstall Nagios to use Postfix support.

      You'll see the following output from the configure command:

      Output

      *** Configuration summary for nagios 4.4.4 2019-07-29 ***: General Options: ------------------------- Nagios executable: nagios Nagios user/group: nagios,nagios Command user/group: nagios,nagios Event Broker: yes Install ${prefix}: /usr/local/nagios Install ${includedir}: /usr/local/nagios/include/nagios Lock file: /run/nagios.lock Check result directory: /usr/local/nagios/var/spool/checkresults Init directory: /lib/systemd/system Apache conf.d directory: /etc/apache2/sites-enabled Mail program: /bin/mail Host OS: linux-gnu IOBroker Method: epoll Web Interface Options: ------------------------ HTML URL: http://localhost/nagios/ CGI URL: http://localhost/nagios/cgi-bin/ Traceroute (used by WAP): Review the options above for accuracy. If they look okay, type 'make all' to compile the main program and CGIs.

      Now compile Nagios with this command:

      Next create a nagios user and nagios group. They will be used to run the Nagios process:

      • sudo make install-groups-users

      Now run these make commands to install Nagios binary files, service files, and its sample configuration files:

      • sudo make install
      • sudo make install-daemoninit
      • sudo make install-commandmode
      • sudo make install-config

      You'll use Apache to serve Nagios' web interface, so run the following to install the Apache configuration files and configure its settings:

      • sudo make install-webconf

      Enable the Apache rewrite and cgi modules with the a2enmod command:

      • sudo a2enmod rewrite
      • sudo a2enmod cgi

      In order to issue external commands via the web interface to Nagios, add the web server user, www-data, to the nagios group:

      • sudo usermod -a -G nagios www-data

      Use the htpasswd command to create an admin user called nagiosadmin that can access the Nagios web interface:

      • sudo htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users nagiosadmin

      Enter a password at the prompt. Remember this password, as you will need it to access the Nagios web interface.

      Warning: If you create a user with a name other than nagiosadmin, you will need to edit /usr/local/nagios/etc/cgi.cfg and change all the nagiosadmin references to the user you created.

      Restart Apache to load the new Apache configuration:

      • sudo systemctl restart apache2

      You've now installed Nagios. But for this to work, it is necessary to install the Nagios Plugins, which you'll cover in the next step.

      Step 2 — Installing the Nagios Plugins

      Nagios needs plugins to operate properly. The official Nagios Plugins package contains over 50 plugins that allow you to monitor basic services such as uptime, disk usage, swap usage, NTP, and others.

      Let's install the the plugins bundle.

      You can find the latest version of the Nagios Plugins on the official site.

      Download it to your home directory with curl:

      • cd ~
      • curl -L -O https://nagios-plugins.org/download/nagios-plugins-2.2.1.tar.gz

      Extract the NRPE archive and navigate into the extracted directory:

      • tar zxf nagios-plugins-<^>2.2.1<^.tar.gz
      • cd nagios-plugins-2.2.1

      Next configure their installation:

      Now build and install the plugins:

      Now the plugins are installed, but you need one more plugin for monitoring remote servers. Let's install it next.

      Step 3 — Installing the check_nrpe Plugin

      Nagios monitors remote hosts using the Nagios Remote Plugin Executor, or NRPE. It consists of two pieces:

      • The check_nrpe plugin that the Nagios server uses.
      • The NRPE daemon, which runs on the remote hosts and sends data to the Nagios server.

      Let's install the check_nrpe plugin on our Nagios server.

      Find the download URL for the latest stable release of NRPE at the GitHub page.

      Download it to your home directory with curl:

      • cd ~
      • curl -L -O https://github.com/NagiosEnterprises/nrpe/releases/download/nrpe-3.2.1/nrpe-3.2.1.tar.gz

      Extract the NRPE archive:

      • tar zxf nrpe-3.2.1.tar.gz

      Then change to the extracted directory:

      Configure the check_nrpe plugin:

      Now build and install check_nrpe plugin:

      • make check_nrpe
      • sudo make install-plugin

      Let's configure the Nagios server next.

      Step 4 — Configuring Nagios

      Now let's perform the initial Nagios configuration, which involves editing some configuration files. You only need to perform this section once on your Nagios server.

      Open the main Nagios configuration file in your preferred text editor. Here, you'll use nano:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      Find this line in the file:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      ...
      #cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/servers
      ...
      

      Uncomment this line by deleting the # character from the front of the line:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

      cfg_dir=/usr/local/nagios/etc/servers
      

      Save and close nagios.cfg by pressing CTRL+X, followed by Y, and then ENTER (if you're using nano).

      Now create the directory that will store the configuration file for each server that you will monitor:

      • sudo mkdir /usr/local/nagios/etc/servers

      Open the Nagios contacts configuration in your text editor:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      Find the email directive and replace its value with your own email address:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg

      ...
      define contact{
              contact_name                    nagiosadmin             ; Short name of user
              use                             generic-contact         ; Inherit default values from generic-contact template (defined above)
              alias                           Nagios Admin            ; Full name of user
              email                           your_email@your_domain.com        ; <<***** CHANGE THIS TO YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS ******
      ...
      
      

      Save and exit the editor.

      Next, add a new command to your Nagios configuration that lets you use the check_nrpe command in Nagios service definitions. Open the file /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/commands.cfg in your editor:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/commands.cfg

      Add the following to the end of the file to define a new command called check_nrpe:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/commands.cfg

      ...
      define command{
              command_name check_nrpe
              command_line $USER1$/check_nrpe -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$
      }
      

      This defines the name and specifies the command-line options to execute the plugin.

      Save and exit the editor.

      Then start Nagios and enable it to start when the server boots:

      • sudo systemctl start nagios

      Nagios is now running, so let's log in to its web interface.

      Step 5 — Accessing the Nagios Web Interface

      Open your favorite web browser, and go to your Nagios server by visiting http://nagios_server_public_ip/nagios.

      Enter the login credentials for the web interface in the popup that appears. Use nagiosadmin for the username, and the password you created for that user.

      After authenticating, you will see the default Nagios home page. Click on the Hosts link in the left navigation bar to see which hosts Nagios is monitoring:

      Nagios Hosts Page

      As you can see, Nagios is monitoring only "localhost", or itself.

      Let's monitor our other server with Nagios,

      Step 6 — Installing Nagios Plugins and NRPE Daemon on a Host

      Let's add a new host so Nagios can monitor it. You'll install the Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) on the remote host, install some plugins, and then configure the Nagios server to monitor this host.

      Log in to the second server, which we'll call the second Ubuntu server:

      • ssh sammy@your_monitored_server_ip

      First create a nagios user which will run the NRPE agent:

      You'll install NRPE from source, which means you'll need the same development libraries you installed on the Nagios server in Step 1. Update your package sources and install the NRPE prerequisites:

      • sudo apt update
      • sudo apt install autoconf gcc libmcrypt-dev make libssl-dev wget dc build-essential gettext

      NRPE requires that Nagios Plugins is installed on the remote host. Let's install this package from source.

      Find the latest release of Nagios Plugins from the downloads page.

      Download Nagios Plugins to your home directory with curl:

      • cd ~
      • curl -L -O https://nagios-plugins.org/download/nagios-plugins-2.2.1.tar.gz

      Extract the Nagios Plugins archive and change to the extracted directory:

      • tar zxf nagios-plugins-2.2.1.tar.gz
      • cd nagios-plugins-2.2.1

      Before building Nagios Plugins, configure them with the following command:

      Now compile the plugins:

      Then install them by running:

      Next, install NRPE daemon. Find the download URL for the latest stable release of NRPE at the GitHub page just like you did in Step 3. Download the latest stable release of NRPE to your monitored server's home directory with curl:

      • cd ~
      • curl -L -O https://github.com/NagiosEnterprises/nrpe/releases/download/nrpe-3.2.1/nrpe-3.2.1.tar.gz

      Extract the NRPE archive with this command:

      • tar zxf nrpe-3.2.1.tar.gz

      Then change to the extracted directory:

      Configure NRPE:

      Now build and install NRPE and its startup script with these commands:

      • make nrpe
      • sudo make install-daemon
      • sudo make install-config
      • sudo make install-init

      Now, let's update the NRPE configuration file and add some basic checks that Nagios can monitor.

      First, let's monitor the disk usage of this server. Use the df -h command to look for the root filesystem. You'll use this filesystem name in the NRPE configuration:

      You'll see output similar to this:

      Output

      Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/vda1 25G 1.4G 23G 6% /

      Now open /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg file in your editor:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg

      The NRPE configuration file is very long and full of comments. There are a few lines that you will need to find and modify:

      • server_address: Set to the private IP address of the monitored server.
      • allowed_hosts: Add the private IP address of your Nagios server to the comma-delimited list.
      • command[check_hda1]: Change /dev/hda1 to whatever your root filesystem is called.

      Locate these settings and alter them appropriately:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg

      ...
      server_address=second_ubuntu_server_private_ip
      ...
      allowed_hosts=127.0.0.1,::1,your_nagios_server_private_ip
      ...
      command[check_vda1]=/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_disk -w 20% -c 10% -p /dev/vda1
      ...
      

      Save and exit the editor. Now you can start NRPE:

      • sudo systemctl start nrpe.service

      Ensure that the service is running by checking its status:

      • sudo systemctl status nrpe.service

      You'll see the following output:

      Output

      ... Aug 01 06:28:31 client systemd[1]: Started Nagios Remote Plugin Executor. Aug 01 06:28:31 client nrpe[8021]: Starting up daemon Aug 01 06:28:31 client nrpe[8021]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 5666. Aug 01 06:28:31 client nrpe[8021]: Server listening on :: port 5666. Aug 01 06:28:31 client nrpe[8021]: Listening for connections on port 5666 Aug 01 06:28:31 client nrpe[8021]: Allowing connections from: 127.0.0.1,::1,165.22.212.38

      Next, allow access to port 5666 through the firewall. If you are using UFW, configure it to allow TCP connections to port 5666 with the following command:

      You can learn more about UFW in How To Set Up a Firewall with UFW on Ubuntu 18.04.

      Now you can check the communication with the remote NRPE server. Run the following command on the Nagios server:

      • /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_nrpe -H second_ubuntu_server_ip

      You'll see the following output:

      Output

      NRPE v3.2.1

      Repeat the steps in this section for each additional server you want to monitor.

      Once you are done installing and configuring NRPE on the hosts that you want to monitor, you will have to add these hosts to your Nagios server configuration before it will start monitoring them. Let's do that next.

      Step 7 — Monitoring Hosts with Nagios

      To monitor your hosts with Nagios, you'll add configuration files for each host specifying what you want to monitor. You can then view those hosts in the Nagios web interface.

      On your Nagios server, create a new configuration file for each of the remote hosts that you want to monitor in /usr/local/nagios/etc/servers/. Replace the highlighted word, monitored_server_host_name with the name of your host:

      • sudo nano /usr/local/nagios/etc/servers/your_monitored_server_host_name.cfg

      Add the following host definition, replacing the host_name value with your remote hostname, the alias value with a description of the host, and the address value with the private IP address of the remote host:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/servers/your_monitored_server_host_name.cfg

      define host {
              use                             linux-server
              host_name                       your_monitored_server_host_name
              alias                           My client server
              address                         your_monitored_server_private_ip
              max_check_attempts              5
              check_period                    24x7
              notification_interval           30
              notification_period             24x7
      }
      

      With this configuration, Nagios will only tell you if the host is up or down. Let's add some services to monitor.

      First, add this block to monitor load average:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/servers/your_monitored_server_host_name.cfg

      define service {
              use                             generic-service
              host_name                       your_monitored_server_host_name
              service_description             Load average
              check_command                   check_nrpe!check_load
      }
      

      The use generic-service directive tells Nagios to inherit the values of a service template called generic-service, which is predefined by Nagios.

      Next, add this block to monitor disk usage:

      /usr/local/nagios/etc/servers/your_monitored_server_host_name.cfg

      define service {
              use                             generic-service
              host_name                       your_monitored_server_host_name
              service_description             /dev/vda1 free space
              check_command                   check_nrpe!check_vda1
      }
      

      Now save and quit. Restart the Nagios service to put any changes into effect:

      • sudo systemctl restart nagios

      After several minutes, Nagios will check the new hosts and you'll see them in the Nagios web interface. Click on the Services link in the left navigation bar to see all of your monitored hosts and services.

      Nagios Services Page

      Conclusion

      You've installed Nagios on a server and configured it to monitor load average and disk usage of at least one remote machine.

      Now that you're monitoring a host and some of its services, you can start using Nagios to monitor your mission-critical services. You can use Nagios to set up notifications for critical events. For example, you can receive an email when your disk utilization reaches a warning or critical threshold, or a notification when your main website is down. This way you can resolve the situation promptly, or even before a problem occurs.



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